With state-on-state warfare declining in frequency, the challenges posed by subnational conflict have become more prominent. But intrastate violence can take a variety of forms and express a variety of grievances. Myanmar’s failure to accommodate its ethnic diversity has historically driven insurgencies that, if not resolved, will threaten the country’s political transformation. Nigeria’s regional conflicts have raised fears that the country is at the breaking point, but an emerging common identity offers hope of an alternative narrative. And in Brazil, the violence of organized crime, for years visible and inescapable, has grown increasingly obscure, but no less corrosive.
